review sessions: Dec 10 12-3 Social Science 60W; Dec 11 5-7 Sci Lib group study L10J
last time
turning the tide
Emancipation Proclamation
impact of Emancipation
terms of surrender
Lincoln's legacy?
Reconstruction 1865-1877
consequences of war
federal occupation
expansion of rights
restriction of rights
abandonment of Reconstruction
consequences of war
30% of Southern men 18-40 dead
40% of Southern property & assets destroyed
presidential reconstruction: 1865-1866
radical reconstruction: 1867-1877
military reconstruction: 1867-1870
military reconstruction 1867-1870
martial law and military governance in all former Confederate states
occupation of enemy territory?
temporary exclusion of Confederate leaders
10% loyalty oath for readmission to Union
1872 general amnesty - no Confederates ever tried for treason
Reconstruction Amendments
13: ends slavery throughout US
14: all men born in US are citizens
women's citizenship determined by marriage until 1946
15: no citizen may be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude
Civil Rights Act of 1866
"the reward of treason will be an increased representation" - 3/5ths
states' rights vs individual rights
vetoed by anti-slavery but racist President Johnson
pushed through by Republican majority - black votes
legacies of Reconstruction Amendments
barriers to voting litigated under 15th Amendment: poll taxes, grandfather clause, literacy test, Voter ID laws
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - SCOTUS Shelby County v Holder 2013
SCOTUS: Georgia vs Foster 2016
whose suffrage?
Southern support for white women's suffrage to balance black mens' votes
14th Amendment: defines citizenship by gender for the first time
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony: white women more qualified as voters bc of republican motherhood
Frances Harper: voting not sufficient to solve intersecting issues of race, gender and poverty
what were the purpose of Reconstruction-era vagrancy laws?
A. they prevented violence between unemployed whites and blacks as in the draft riots
B. they prevented white plantation owners from forcing former enslaved people to work for them
C. they required former enslaved people to provide proof of employment in order to preserve the pre-war economic order
D. they prevented former enslaved people from working in order to keep them from competing with poor whites for jobs
Black Codes, Jim and Jane Crow
restriction of movement, business and property ownership, apprenticeship of black children
vagrancy laws and convict leasing: "slavery by another name"
black women punished as men, kept out of feminine housework
sharecropping: inheritable debt, economic entrapment of families
increasing racial violence 1866-1870
increasing black political power
individual: police and employer violence
political: mob violence and rejection of black political authority
terrorist: lynching, rise of the KKK
Enforcement Acts 1870-1871
states' rights vs federal powers
majority rule vs minority rights
broad vs strict construction of federal powers
a government of the people or by the people?
why was Northern Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected President during a time of increasing Southern Democratic resistance to Republican reconstruction policies?
(more than one right answer)
A. Hayes and the national Republican party focused on economic and not racial issues, winning national support
B. the national Republican party offered to end federal reconstruction if Democrats recognized Hayes' election
C. black Southern Democrats boycotted the election of 1876, handing the election to Hayes by default
D. white Southern Democrats boycotted the election of 1876, handing the election to Hayes by default
Election of 1876
widespread corruption under Pres. Grant turns many Republicans away from Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877 - one more compromise?
federal troops withdrawn from South
Enforcement Acts no longer enforced
states' rights vs civil rights
what is the role of the federal government?
who protects individual rights from states?
do individual rights take precedence over states' rights?
pre-1865: what is the relationship between the state and the federal govt
post-1865: what is the relationship between the individual and the state